Statistics

Men

Track world record

100 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

9.74 Asafa Powell 23 11 1982 JAM Rieti 09 09 2007

200 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

19.32 Michael Johnson 13 09 1967 USA Atlanta, GA 01 08 1996

400 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

43.18 Michael Johnson 13 09 1967 USA Sevilla 26 08 1999

800 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

1:41.11 Wilson Kipketer 12 12 1972 DEN Köln 24 08 1997

1500 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

3:26.00 Hicham El Guerrouj 14 09 1974 MAR Roma 14 07 1998

3000 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

7:20.67 Daniel Komen 17 05 1976 KEN Rieti 01 09 1996

5000 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

12:37.35 Kenenisa Bekele 13 06 1982 ETH Hengelo 31 05 2004

10,000 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

26:17.53 Kenenisa Bekele 13 06 1982 ETH Bruxelles 26 08 2005

3000 Metres Steeplechase

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

7:53.63 Saif Saaeed Shaheen 15 10 1982 QAT Bruxelles 03 09 2004

110 Metres Hurdles

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

12.88 Xiang Liu 13 07 1983 CHN Lausanne 11 07 2006

400 Metres Hurdles

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

46.78 Kevin Young 16 09 1966 USA Barcelona 06 08 1992

Field world record

High Jump

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

2.45 Javier Sotomayor 13 10 1967 CUB Salamanca 27 07 1993

Pole Vault

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

6.14 Sergey Bubka 04 12 1963 UKR Sestriere 31 07 1994

Long Jump

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

8.95 Mike Powell 10 11 1963 USA Tokyo 30 08 1991

Triple Jump

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

18.29 Jonathan Edwards 10 05 1966 GBR Göteborg 07 08 1995

Shot Put

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

23.12 Randy Barnes 16 06 1966 USA Westwood, CA 20 05 1990

Discus Throw

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

74.08 Jürgen Schult 11 05 1960 GDR Neubrandenburg 06 06 1986

Hammer Throw

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

86.74 Yuriy Sedykh 11 06 1955 URS Stuttgart 30 08 1986

Javelin Throw

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

98.48 Jan Zelezný 16 06 1966 CZE Jena 25 05 1996

4x100 Metres Relay

Performance Team Nat Place Date

37.40 United States USA Barcelona 08 08 1992

37.40 United States USA Stuttgart 21 08 1993

4x400 Metres Relay

Performance Team Nat Place Date

2:54.20 United States USA Uniondale 22 07 1998

Women

Track world record

100 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

10.49 Florence Griffith-Joyner 21 12 1959 USA Indianapolis, IN 16 07 1988

200 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

21.34 Florence Griffith-Joyner 21 12 1959 USA Seoul 29 09 1988

400 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

47.60 Marita Koch 18 02 1957 GDR Canberra 06 10 1985

800 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

1:53.28 Jarmila Kratochvílová 26 01 1951 TCH München 26 07 1983

1500 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

3:50.46 Yunxia Qu 25 12 1972 CHN Beijing 11 09 1993

3000 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

8:06.11 Junxia Wang 09 01 1973 CHN Beijing 13 09 1993

5000 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

14:16.63 Meseret Defar 19 11 1983 ETH Oslo 15 06 2007

10,000 Metres

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

29:31.78 Junxia Wang 09 01 1973 CHN Beijing 08 09 1993

3000 Metres Steeplechase

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

9:01.59 Gulnara Samitova-Galkina 09 07 1978 RUS Iráklio 04 07 2004

100 Metres Hurdles

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

12.21 Yordanka Donkova 28 09 1961 BUL Stara Zagora 20 08 1988

400 Metres Hurdles

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

52.34 Yuliya Pechenkina 21 04 1978 RUS Tula 08 08 2003

Field world record

High Jump

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

2.09 Stefka Kostadinova 25 03 1965 BUL Roma 30 08 1987

Pole Vault

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

5.01 Yelena Isinbaeva 03 06 1982 RUS Helsinki 12 08 2005

Long Jump

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

7.52 Galina Chistyakova 26 07 1962 URS Leningrad 11 06 1988

Triple Jump

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

15.50 Inessa Kravets 05 10 1966 UKR Göteborg 10 08 1995

Shot Put

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

22.63 Natalya Lisovskaya 16 07 1962 URS Moskva 07 06 1987

Discus Throw

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

76.80 Gabriele Reinsch 23 09 1963 GDR Neubrandenburg 09 07 1988

Hammer Throw

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

78.61 * Tatyana Lysenko 09 10 1983 RUS Sochi 26 05 2007

* Awaiting Ratification

Javelin Throw

Performance Athlete DOB Nat Place Date

71.70 Osleidys Menéndez 14 11 1979 CUB Helsinki 14 08 2005

4x100 Metres Relay

Performance Team Nat Place Date

41.37 German Democratic Republic GDR Canberra 06 10 1985

4x400 Metres Relay

Performance Team Nat Place Date

3:15.17 USSR URS Seoul 01 10 1988

**Credit http://www.iaaf.org/

Training

Now Sports Science is relate in all sports to training athletes. Because Sports Science describe taining step by step and refer of injury protect. So athletes will be success in race more than atheletes thaining without Sports Science.

Warm up and Cool Down

There is no doubt that time spent on warming up and cooling down will improve an athlete's level of performance and accelerate the recovery process needed before and after training or competition. As a result, the coach must encourage the athlete to regard the warm up and cool down as an essential part of both the training session and competition itself.

Warming up should at least consist of the following:

5 to 10 minutes jogging - to increase body temperature
10 to 15 minutes dynamic stretching exercises - reduce muscle stiffness
10 to 15 minutes general and event specific drills - preparation for the session or competition. e.g. for a runner
Lower leg drills
Leg drills
Technique drills
4 to 8 easy run outs over 30 to 60 metres - focus on correct running technique (Tall, Relaxed, Smooth and Drive)

Cool Down

Cooling down should consist of the following:

5 to 10 minutes jogging/walking - decrease body temperature and remove waste products from the working muscles
5 to 10 minutes static stretching exercises
Static stretches are more appropriate to the cool down as they help muscles to relax, realign muscle fibres and re-establish their normal range of movement. These stretches should be held for approximately 10 seconds.

Cardiovascular Training

Cardiovascular fitness can be defined simply as your body's ability to get oxygen and blood to the muscles. The slang term "wind" sums it up nicely.
When you do physical activity and your pulse quickens and your breathing gets deeper, you are using your cardiovascular system.
You can improve your cardiovascular system's efficiency through regular training.
The short term used when referring to cardiovascular exercise is Cardio.

Endurance Training

The types of endurance are aerobic endurance, anaerobic endurance, speed endurance and strength endurance. A sound basis of aerobic endurance is fundamental for all events.

Aerobic Endurance

Aerobic means 'with oxygen'. During aerobic work, the body is working at a level that the demands for oxygen and fuel can be meet by the body's intake. The only waste products formed are carbon dioxide and water. These are removed as sweat and by breathing out.

Aerobic endurance can be sub-divided as follows:

-Short aerobic - 2 minutes to 8 minutes (lactic/aerobic)
-Medium aerobic - 8 minutes to 30 minutes (mainly aerobic)
-Long aerobic - 30 minutes + (aerobic)

Aerobic endurance is developed using continuous and interval running.

-Continuous duration runs to improve maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max)
-Interval training to improve the heart as a muscular pump

Anaerobic endurance

Anaerobic means 'without oxygen'. During anaerobic work, involving maximum effort, the body is working so hard that the demands for oxygen and fuel exceed the rate of supply and the muscles have to rely on the stored reserves of fuel. The muscles, being starved of oxygen, take the body into a state known as oxygen debt. The body's stored fuel soon runs out and activity ceases - painfully. This point is often measured as the lactic threshold or anaerobic threshold or onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). Activity will not be resumed until the lactic acid is removed and the oxygen debt repaid. Fortunately, the body can resume limited activity after even only a small proportion of the oxygen debt has been repaid. Since lactic acid is produced, the correct term for this pathway is lactic anaerobic energy pathway.

The alactic anaerobic pathway is the one in which the body is working anaerobically but without the production of lactic acid. This pathway can exist only so long as the fuel actually stored in the muscle lasts, approximately 4 seconds at maximum effort.

Anaerobic endurance can be sub-divided as follows:

-Short anaerobic - less than 25 seconds (mainly alactic)
-Medium anaerobic - 25 seconds to 60 seconds (mainly lactic)
-Long anaerobic - 60 seconds to 120 seconds (lactic +aerobic)

Anaerobic endurance can be developed by using repetition methods of relatively high intensity work with limited recovery.

Weight Training

Better performances can be the product of a number of factors. This product is primarily the outcome of efficient technique, the progression of speed and the maturing competitive attitude on a sound basis of general endurance, all round strength and general mobility. The development of all round strength is best achieved via circuit training and then progressing this through weight training.

A muscle will only strengthen when forced to operate beyond its customary intensity (overload). Overload can be progressed by increasing the:

-resistance e.g. adding 10kg to the barbell
-number of repetitions with a particular weight
-number of sets of the exercise

Events

Track events

- This is running events conducted on a 400 m track.

Sprints: events up to and including 400 m. Common events are 60 m (indoors only), 100 m, 200 m and 400 m.

Middle distance: events from 800 m to 3000 m, 800 m, 1500 m, and 3000 m.
Steeplechase - a race (usually 3000 m) in which runners must negotiate barriers and water jumps.

Long distance: runs over 5000 m. Common events are 5000 m and 10000 m.

Hurdling: 110 m high hurdles (100 m for women) and 400 m intermediate hurdles

Relays: 4 x 100 m relay, 4 x 400 m relay

Road running: conducted on open roads, but often finishing on the track. Common events are over 5km, 10km, half-marathon and marathon, and less commonly over 15km, 20km, 10 miles, and 20 miles. The marathon is the only common road-racing distance run in major international athletics championships such as the Olympics.

Throwing events

Shot put
Hammer throw
Javelin throw
Discus throw

Jumping events

High jump
Long jump
Triple jump

History and type of Track & Field

Athletics was the original event at the first Olympics in 776 BC where the only event held was the stadium-length foot race or "stade".

Now Athletics and Swimming is a major of sports must be include in every games e.g. Olympic Games

Modern athletic events are usually organized around a 400 m running track on which most of the running events take place. Field events (vaulting, jumping, and throwing) often take place inside the track.

Type of Track & Field

In present we can see the athletics 2 part

1. Indoor track and field There are two seasons for track and field. There is an indoor season, run during the winter and an outdoor season, run during the spring and summer. Most indoor tracks are 200 meters and consist of four to six lanes. There are also some 150 meter indoor tracks, and others as small as 120 meters have been used. Often an indoor track will have banked turns to compensate for the tight bends.

In field events, indoor meets only feature the high jump, pole vault, long jump, triple jump, and shot put. Due to space limitations, these events take place on the infield, within the circumferential track. The longer throws of javelin, hammer and discus are added only for outdoor meets, as there is normally not enough space in an indoor stadium to house these events.

2. Outdoor track and field The outdoor track and field season usually begins in the spring and lasts through the summer. Most tracks are ovals of 400 meters in circumference. Modern "tartan tracks" or more recently "mondo tracks" are made with a rubberized surface; older tracks were cinder-covered. Tracks normally consist of 6-10 lanes (up to 12 lanes on the 'front' straight) and many include a steeplechase lane with a water pit on one of the turns. This steeplechase pit can be placed either inside or outside the track, making for a tighter turn or a wider turn. It is common that tracks will surround a playing field used for American football, football, or lacrosse. This inner field is usually known as the infield and has a surface of either grass or artificial turf.
All field events can be contested on the infield. However the javelin, hammer and discus throws are sometimes contested on fields outside of the track stadium[citation needed] because they take up a large amount of space, the implements may damage the infield, and the implements could end up landing on the track. However, some infields are used specifically for these events, and for the javelin, an athlete may have a longer run-up by starting it on the other side of the track, and crossing when there are no athletes passing.